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Twenty-Four Histories

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Twenty-Four Histories
Chinese二十四史
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinÈrshísì Shǐ
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingJi6sap6sei3 Si2
Southern Min
Hokkien POJJī-cha̍p-sì-sú (col.)
Jī-si̍p-sù-sú (lit.)

The Twenty-Four Histories (Chinese: 二十四史; pinyin: Èrshísì Shǐ; Wade–Giles: Erh-shih-szu shih), also known as the Orthodox Histories (Chinese: 正史; pinyin: Zhèngshǐ; Wade–Giles: Chêng4shih3), are the Chinese official dynastic histories covering from the earliest dynasty in 3000 BC to the Ming dynasty in the 17th century.

The Han dynasty official Sima Qian established many of the conventions of the genre, but the form was not fixed until much later. Starting with the Tang dynasty, each dynasty established an official office to write the history of its predecessor using official court records, partly in order to establish its own link to the earliest times. As fixed and edited in the Qing dynasty, the whole set contains 3,213 volumes and about 40 million words. It is considered one of the most important sources on Chinese history and culture.[1]

The title "Twenty-Four Histories" dates from 1775, which was the 40th year in the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. This was when the last volume, the History of Ming, was reworked and a complete set of the histories was produced.

Collection

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Title Corresponding dynasty Main author Year of compilation Notes
Records of the Grand Historian
史記
The period from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of Han Sima Qian
(Han dynasty)
91 BC Part of the Early Four Historiographies (前四史)
Book of Han
漢書
Western Han
Xin dynasty
Ban Gu
(Han dynasty)
AD 82 Part of the Early Four Historiographies (前四史)
Records of the Three Kingdoms
三國志
Cao Wei
Shu Han
Eastern Wu
Chen Shou
(Jin dynasty)
AD 289 Part of the Early Four Historiographies (前四史). Greatly expanded by later annotation
Book of the Later Han
後漢書
Eastern Han Fan Ye
(Liu Song)
AD 445 Part of the Early Four Historiographies (前四史)[2]
Book of Song
宋書
Liu Song Shen Yue
(Liang dynasty)
488
Book of Southern Qi
南齊書
Southern Qi Xiao Zixian
(Liang dynasty)
537
Book of Wei
魏書
Northern Wei
Eastern Wei
Wei Shou
(Northern Qi)
554
Book of Liang
梁書
Liang dynasty Yao Silian
(Tang dynasty)
636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Book of Chen
陳書
Chen dynasty Yao Silian
(Tang dynasty)
636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Book of Northern Qi
北齊書
Northern Qi Li Baiyao
(Tang dynasty)
636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Book of Zhou
周書
Western Wei
Northern Zhou
Linghu Defen
(Tang dynasty)
636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Book of Sui
隋書
Sui dynasty Wei Zheng
(Tang dynasty)
636 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Book of Jin
晉書
Western Jin
Eastern Jin
Fang Xuanling
(Tang dynasty)
648 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
History of the Southern Dynasties
南史
Liu Song
Southern Qi
Liang dynasty
Chen dynasty
Li Yanshou
(Tang dynasty)
659 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
History of the Northern Dynasties
北史
Northern Wei
Eastern Wei
Western Wei
Northern Qi
Northern Zhou
Sui dynasty
Li Yanshou
(Tang dynasty)
659 Part of the Eight Historiographies compiled in Tang dynasty (唐初八史)
Old Book of Tang
舊唐書
Tang dynasty Liu Xu
(Later Jin)
945
Old History of the Five Dynasties
舊五代史
Later Liang
Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Later Zhou
Xue Juzheng
(Song dynasty)
974
Historical Records of the Five Dynasties
五代史記
Later Liang
Later Tang
Later Jin
Later Han
Later Zhou
Ouyang Xiu
(Song dynasty)
1053 Also called "New History of the Five Dynasties" (新五代史)
New Book of Tang
新唐書
Tang dynasty Ouyang Xiu
(Song dynasty)
1060
History of Liao
遼史
Liao dynasty
Western Liao
Toqto'a
(Yuan dynasty)
1343 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty (元末三史)[3]
History of Jin
金史
Jin dynasty Toqto'a
(Yuan dynasty)
1345 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty (元末三史)
History of Song
宋史
Northern Song
Southern Song
Toqto'a
(Yuan dynasty)
1345 Part of the Three Historiographies compiled in Yuan dynasty (元末三史)
History of Yuan
元史
Yuan dynasty Song Lian
(Ming dynasty)
1370
History of Ming
明史
Ming dynasty Zhang Tingyu
(Qing dynasty)
1739

Inheritance works

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These works were begun by one historian and completed by an heir, usually of the next generation.

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There were attempts at producing new traditional histories after the fall of the Qing dynasty, but they either never gained widespread acceptance as part of the official historical canon or they remain unfinished.

Title Corresponding dynasty Main author Year of compilation Notes
New History of Yuan
新元史
Yuan dynasty Ke Shaomin
(Republic of China)
1920 Part of the Twenty-Five Histories (二十五史)
Draft History of Qing
清史稿
Qing dynasty Zhao Erxun
(Republic of China)
1927

Modern attempts at creating the official Qing history

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In 1961, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the declaration of the Republic of China (ROC), the ROC government in Taiwan published the History of Qing, adding 21 supplementary chapters to the Draft History of Qing and revising many existing chapters to denounce the People's Republic of China (PRC) as an illegitimate, impostor regime. It also removed passages that were derogatory towards the Xinhai Revolution.[4] This edition has not been widely accepted as the official Qing history because it is recognized that it was a rushed job motivated by political objectives. It does not correct most of the errors known to exist in the Draft History of Qing.[5]

An additional project, attempting to write a New History of Qing incorporating new materials and improvements in historiography, lasted from 1988 to 2000. Only 33 chapters out of the projected 500 were published.[5] This project was later abandoned following the rise of the Taiwanese nationalist Pan-Green Coalition, which argues that it is not the duty of Taiwan to compile the history of mainland China.

In 1961, the PRC also attempted to complete the Qing history, but historians were prevented from doing so against the backdrop of the Cultural Revolution.[6]

In 2002, the PRC once again announced that it would complete the History of Qing.[7] The project was approved in 2002,[8] and put under the leadership of historian Dai Yi.[9] Initially planned to be completed in 10 years,[10] the project suffered multiple delays, pushing completion of the first draft to 2016.[11] Chinese Social Sciences Today reported in April 2020 that the project's results were being reviewed.[12] However, in 2023, the manuscript was reportedly rejected,[13] and there are also rumors that the project has been indefinitely halted.[14]

Modern editions

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In China, the Zhonghua Book Company (Zhonghua Shuju) have edited a number of these histories. They have been collated, edited, and punctuated by Chinese specialists.[15]

From 1991 to 2003, it was translated from Classical Chinese into modern written vernacular Chinese, by Xu Jialu and other scholars.[16]

Translations

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One of the Twenty-Four Histories is in the process of being fully translated into English: Records of the Grand Historian by William Nienhauser, in nine volumes.[17]

In Korean and Vietnamese, only the Records has been translated. Most of the histories have been translated into Japanese.[citation needed]

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Ch 49, "Standard Histories," in Endymion Wilkinson. Chinese History: A New Manual. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard-Yenching Institute Monograph Series, 2012). ISBN 9780674067158. Also see "Standard Histories" link to the Googlebook of the 2000 edition of Wilkinson.
  2. ^ Hill, John E. (2009) Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
  3. ^ Xu Elina-Qian, p. 23.
  4. ^ 台灣版《清史》一年速成 筆墨官司幾上幾下. big5.huaxia.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  5. ^ a b Chen, Hsi-yuan (2004). "Last chapter unfinished: The making of the official Qing History and the crisis of Traditional Chinese Historiography". Historiography East and West. 2 (2): 173–204. doi:10.1163/157018606779068306. ISSN 1570-1867. S2CID 153377177.
  6. ^ Wilkinson, Endymion (2012). Chinese history: a new manual. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 834–5. ISBN 978-0674067158.
  7. ^ Huáiràng, Yuè (3 April 2019). 新修《清史》已进入稿件通读阶段,预计今年出版问世. Péngpài Xīnwén 澎湃新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 12 April 2019.
  8. ^ Mao, Liping; Ma, Zhao (2012). ""Writing History in the Digital Age": The New Qing History Project and the Digitization of Qing Archives". History Compass. 10 (5): 367–374. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2012.00841.x.
  9. ^ Chéng, Chóngdé (3 January 2021). 戴逸先生与清史纂修前的准备工作. Guangming 光明 (in Chinese).
  10. ^ 中新社网站 (26 August 2003). 两岸学者聚京共商清史纂修大计 预计10年完成. 新浪军事 (in Chinese).
  11. ^ Rèn, Mǐn (18 December 2013). Sòng, Yǔchéng (ed.). "Guójiā Qīngshǐ Biānzuǎn Gōngchéng yǐ wánchéng chūgǎo" 国家清史编纂工程已完成初稿 [The first draft of the National Qing History Compilation Project has been completed]. Běijīng Xīnwén 北京新闻 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 19 December 2013.
  12. ^ Guo, Fei (21 April 2020). Ma, Yuhong (ed.). "Dai Yi speaks on Qing history national compilation project". Chinese Social Sciences Today. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021.
  13. ^ Ji Xiaohua (紀曉華) (2023-11-07). "Zhōngguó guānchá: Wèi tōngguò zhèngshěn "Qīngshǐ" chùjiāo" 中國觀察:未通過政審 《清史》觸礁 [China Watch: "History of Qing" failed to pass political review and has hit a snag]. Singtao USA (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2023-11-18.
  14. ^ "清史編纂紛擾持續 傳未通過中國政審" [Controversy over compilation of Qing history continues, rumored to have failed to pass China’s political review] (in Chinese). Freedom Times. 2023-11-09. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  15. ^ Xu Elina-Qian, p. 19.
  16. ^ "二十四史全译 - 图书".
  17. ^ The Grand Scribe's Records (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994- )

Sources

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