List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty
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The following is a list of emperors of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). It also contains early rulers (khagans-emperors and regents) of the Mongol Empire posthumously honored by Kublai Khan as Yuan emperors.
Emperors
[edit]| Regent (†) | Portrait | Khan name[1] | Personal name | Reign | Succession | Life details |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Khans preceding the establishment of the Yuan dynasty | ||||||
|
Genghis Khan 成吉思汗 Other names
|
Temüjin 鐵木真 |
1206 – 25 August 1227 20–21 years |
Son of Yesugei and Hö'elün | [2] | |
| † | 
|
None, known by his personal name
Other names
|
Tolui 拖雷 |
1227 – 13 September 1229 (regent) 1–2 years |
Fourth son of Genghis | [2] |
|
None, known by his personal name
Other names
|
Ögedei Khan 窝阔台 |
Third son of Genghis | [2] | ||
| † | None, known by her personal name
Other names
|
Töregene Khatun 脱列哥那 |
Wife of Ögedei | [2] | ||
|
None, known by his personal name
Other names
|
Güyük Khan 贵由 |
Son of Ögedei | [2] | ||
| † | None, known by her personal name | Oghul Qaimish 斡兀立海迷失 |
Wife of Güyük | [2] | ||
| None, known by his personal name
Other names
|
Möngke Khan 蒙哥 |
First son of Tolui | [2] | |||
| Khans who also ruled as Yuan dynasty emperors | ||||||
|
|
Setsen Khan 薛禪汗 better known as Kublai Khan Other names
|
Borjigin Kublai 孛兒只斤忽必烈 |
18 December 1271 – 18 February 1294 (22 years and 2 months) Era(s)
|
Second son of Tolui | 23 September 1215 – 18 February 1294 (aged 78) Established the Yuan dynasty in 1271, completed the conquest of the Song dynasty, won the Toluid Civil War, and moved the capital to Khanbaliq. Died of natural causes.[3] | |
|
Öljeytü Khan 完澤篤汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Temür 孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 |
10 May 1294 – 10 February 1307 (12 years and 9 months) Era(s)
|
Grandson of Kublai | 15 October 1265 – 10 February 1307 (aged 41) Died of natural causes.[4] | |
|
Külüg Khan 曲律汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Haishan 孛兒只斤海山 |
21 June 1307 – 27 January 1311 (3 years, 7 months and 6 days) Era(s)
|
Great-grandson of Kublai | 4 August 1281 – 27 January 1311 (aged 29) Died of natural causes.[5] | |
|
Buyantu Khan 普顏篤汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Ayurbarwada 孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 |
7 April 1311 – 1 March 1320 (8 years, 10 months and 23 days) Era(s)
|
Great-grandson of Kublai | 9 April 1285 – 1 March 1320 (aged 34) Died of natural causes.[6] | |
| Gegeen Khan 格堅汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Shidibala 孛兒只斤硕德八剌 |
19 April 1320 – 4 September 1323 (3 years, 4 months and 16 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Ayurbarwada | 22 February 1302 – 4 September 1323 (aged 21) Killed in a coup led by Temuder.[7] | ||
| None, known either by his personal or era name | Borjigin Yesün Temür 孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 |
4 October 1323 – 15 August 1328 (4 years, 10 months and 11 days) Era(s)
|
Great-Grandson of Kublai | 28 November 1293 – 15 August 1328[a] (aged 34) Died of natural causes.[8] | ||
| None, known either by his personal or era name | Borjigin Ragibagh 孛兒只斤阿速吉八 |
October 1328 – 14 November 1328 (1 month) Era(s)
|
Son of Yesün | 1320 – 14 November 1328 (aged 8) Child emperor; probably murdered amid the War of the Two Capitals.[9] | ||
|
Jayaatu Khan 札牙篤汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Tugh Temür 孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 |
16 October 1328 – 26 February 1329 (4 months and 10 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Külüg | 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged 28) Abdicated in favor of his brother Khutughtu Khan.[10] | |
| Khutughtu Khan 忽都篤汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Kusala 孛兒只斤和世剌 |
27 February 1329 – 30 August 1329 (6 months and 3 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Külüg | 22 December 1300 – 30 August 1329 (aged 28) Briefly ruled before killed by El Temür.[9] | ||
|
|
Jayaatu Khan 札牙篤汗 (second reign) |
Borjigin Tugh Temür 孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 |
8 September 1329 – 2 September 1332 (2 years, 11 months and 25 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Külüg | 16 February 1304 – 2 September 1332 (aged 28) A patron of the arts and scholarship, his reign was dominated by the ministers El Temür and Bayan of the Merkid. Died of natural causes.[10] | |
|
None, known by his personal name
Other names
|
Borjigin Rinchinbal 孛兒只斤懿璘質班 |
23 October 1332 – 14 December 1332 (1 month and 21 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Khutughtu | 1 May 1326 – 14 December 1332 (aged 6) Child emperor; died of sudden illness.[11] | |
| Ukhaghatu Khan 烏哈噶圖汗 Other names
|
Borjigin Toghon Temür 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 |
19 July 1333 – 10 September 1368 (35 years, 2 months and 22 days) Era(s)
|
Son of Khutughtu | 25 May 1320 – 23 May 1370 (aged 49) Died of natural causes.[13] | ||
Timeline
[edit]
See also
[edit]- Yuan dynasty family tree
- List of Northern Yuan khans
- List of empresses consort of the Yuan dynasty
- List of Chinese monarchs
- List of Mongol rulers
References
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Some uncertainty surrounds his birth and death dates, see Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, p. 353
- ^ Ukhaghatu Khan's posthumous name was given by the Ming court[12]
Citations
[edit]- ^ Atwood 2004, p. 625.
- ^ a b c d e f g Moule 1957, p. 102.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 148–153; Rossabi 1994, pp. 454–489; Moule 1957, p. 103.
- ^ Paludan 1998, pp. 156–158; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 492–503; Moule 1957, p. 103.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 156; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 505–512; Moule 1957, p. 103.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 156; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 513–526; Moule 1957, p. 103.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 156; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 527–531; Moule 1957, p. 103.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 156; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 535–540; Moule 1957, p. 104.
- ^ a b Paludan 1998, p. 156; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 541–557; Moule 1957, p. 104.
- ^ a b Paludan 1998, pp. 156–157; Ch'i-Ch'ing 1994, pp. 541–557; Moule 1957, p. 104.
- ^ Paludan 1998, p. 157; Moule 1957, p. 104.
- ^ Dardess 1994, p. 561.
- ^ Goodrich & Fang 1976, pp. 1290–1293; Paludan 1998, p. 157; Dardess 1994, pp. 566–583; Moule 1957, p. 104.
Bibliography
[edit]- Atwood, Christopher P. (2004). Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-4671-3.
- Ch'i-Ch'ing, Hsiao (1994). "Mid-Yüan politics". In Twitchett, Dennis; Franke, Herbert (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
- Dardess, John (1994). "Shun-ti and the end of Yüan rule in China". In Twitchett, Dennis; Franke, Herbert (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
- Goodrich, Luther Carrington; Fang Chaoying, eds. (1976). Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644. Vol. 2. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03833-1.
- Moule, Arthur C. (1957). The Rulers of China, 221 BC-AD 1949. London: Routledge. OCLC 223359908.
- Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05090-3.
- Rossabi, Morris (1994). "The reign of Khubilai khan". In Twitchett, Dennis; Franke, Herbert (eds.). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6: Alien Regimes and Border States, 907–1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24331-5.
External links
[edit]
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